2.2: Post-Internet

Read by Thu Sep 11, 2pm
Reading Response due Thu Sep 11, 2pm
Cory Arcangel, Photoshop CS: 1060 by 2744 centimeters, 10 DPC, RGB, square pixels, default gradient “Spectrum”, mousedown y=1800 x=6800, mouseup y=8800 x=20180 (installation view), 2015
Cory Arcangel
Photoshop CS: 1060 by 2744 centimeters, 10 DPC, RGB, square pixels, default gradient “Spectrum”, mousedown y=1800 x=6800, mouseup y=8800 x=20180 (installation view), 2015

Why?

As you might imagine, the internet and its trappings have made a large impact on cultural production. People can learn new skills immediately on YouTube, artists can post their art for comment and for sale immediately on Instagram, art fair images from the other side of the globe can find their way into the hearts and minds of young students, and new aesthetics emerge around web design that are shaped by the software, languages, and technical limitations of the tools. Post-Internet art is not about art after the decline of the internet, but art after the advent of the internet and/or work that is influenced by the internet. The readings below explore the implications of the web as seen through artists’ production.

Required

What is Post Internet Art?, Widewalls

Read the article and peruse the videos, but you don’t need to watch them all the way through. Note: Ryan Trecartin's Center Jenny is replete with explicit language.

If the site is glitching, use this PDF with its links to videos.

The Perils of Post-Internet Art, Art in America

Response Questions

Remember to cite specific instances from the text to support your views.

  • How has your work been influenced by the internet? Remember this is still about the readings, so relate your thoughts on your work with the readings on Post-Internet art.
  • What do you make of Post-Internet art as a concept, and concretely as the work that is placed within that category?

Supplementary Readings

Post-Internet
What Is Post-Internet Art? Understanding the Revolutionary New Art Movement, Artspace

“It’s a bemusing term you may have heard floating around the art world recently, and now a new exhibition called "Art Post-Internet” at Beijing’s Ullens Center for Contemporary Art—organized by critic/curator Karen Archey with writer/gallerist Robin Peckham—has set out to encapsulate the budding movement, which may be the most significant of its kind to emerge in a while. The key to understanding what “post-Internet” means is that, despite how it sounds, it doesn’t suggest that the seismic technological developments associated with the Net are finished and behind us. Far from it.”

Post-Internet Art: You’ll Know It When You See It, Elephant

“What is the ‘Post-Internet’—a faceful of virtual candyfloss or a thriving discourse around how the digital context is changing the meaning of art and images? Gary Zhexi Zhang goes in search of the art world’s New Big Thing and finds himself asking a further question—is it over already?”

Digital Desire — Post-Internet Art, Do Not Touch

Note: This is a bit NSFW.
“Laura is back! Today she’s giving me a glimpse into Post-Internet Art. Looking at art that hasn’t made the history books yet is uncharted territory for all of us. What will stand the test of time and how will we remember this era? Laura shows me how artists are responding to and being shaped by the internet in their art.”

Art in the Age of the Internet, Tech Weekly Podcast

“In some ways the internet has made artists of us all. Whether we’re updating Instagram or filming on our smart phones, technology has given us new avenues for creativity. But what do the fine arts have to say about technology and it’s impact on global culture? How do artists use their skills to engage with the huge social challenges arising from the web and how our personal data is used online?”

The GIF’s Obsession With Compression, Peer Pressure: Essays on the Internet by an Artist on the Internet

pp 19–24
“The GIF’s straightforward looping mechanism revels in its own simplicity and the manner in which it professes to be nothing more profound than what 3 seconds of your time can possibly allow for as a work of visual art. In an online environement that exalts immediacy and ease of use, the GIF is not a fetishization of the past or WEB 1.0 culture—as many have argued—but a fetishization of the internet’s propensity for compressing information to the furthest degree possible.”

Post Internet: Notes on the Internet and Art, 12.29.09 > 09.05.10

Post Internet was a blog developed between December 2009 and September 2010 by the New York based art critic Gene McHugh, thanks to a grant of the Creative Capital | Andy Warhol Foundation Arts Writers Grant Program. For almost a year, Gene McHugh kept filling this folder with his personal notes. Writing and posting became a daily, regular activity, that sometimes produced many posts a day, sometimes longer texts posted at a slower pace. However, Post Internet is not just a piece of beautiful criticism - it’s also, in itself, a piece of Post Internet art in the shape of an art criticism blog—‘criticism as performance’” (Domenico Quaranta).

“Post Internet went offline somewhere at the end of 2015. In 2019, Rhizome restored the blog and made it available online again through the Net Art Anthology. The 1st edition of this book was used in the restoration process, that Link Editions is celebrating with this 2nd edition.”

General Internet Concerns
Lo and Behold, Reveries of the Connected World

“Legendary master filmmaker Werner Herzog examines the past, present and constantly evolving future of the Internet. Herzog conducts original interviews with cyberspace pioneers and prophets such as PayPal and Tesla co-founder Elon Musk, Internet protocol inventor Bob Kahn, and famed hacker Kevin Mitnick. These provocative conversations reveal the ways in which the online world has transformed how virtually everything in the real world works, from business to education, space travel to healthcare, and the very heart of how we conduct our personal relationships.”

Birth of the Internet, @theU

“In 1968, the nation’s top computer scientists and members of the U.S. government gathered inside the Rustler Lodge atop the Alta Ski Resort in Salt Lake County, Utah. They were about to change the world. It was during that meeting that this group talked about the novel idea of connecting computers together into the world’s first far-reaching communications network. A year later, four institutions—UCLA, the Stanford Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara and the University of Utah—became the first “nodes” to that network, then known as ARPANET, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. It was the precursor to what we now call the internet.”

The Godfather, Wired

“Vannevar Bush is a great name for playing six degrees of separation. Turn back the clock on any aspect of information technology - from the birth of Silicon Valley and the marriage of science and the military to the advent of the World Wide Web - and you find his footprints. As historian Michael Sherry says, ‘To understand the world of Bill Gates and Bill Clinton, start with understanding Vannevar Bush.’”

The Curse of Xanadu, Wired
“It was the most radical computer dream of the hacker era. Ted Nelson’s Xanadu project was supposed to be the universal, democratic hypertext library that would help human life evolve into an entirely new form. Instead, it sucked Nelson and his intrepid band of true believers into what became the longest-running vaporware project in the history of computing—a 30-year saga of rabid prototyping and heart-slashing despair. The amazing epic tragedy.”

2.1: History and Particulars of Print

Learn from the past to understand the present and future
Read by Tue Sep 09, 2pm
Reading Response due Thu Sep 11, 2pm
The Keaton Music Typewriter
The Keaton Music Typewriter

Why?

It is important to understand where print design came from to understand where it is today. In addition, most web design has sought to mimic print design, so this information will we useful as we transition into web and digital design.

Required

What you will be doing is selecting 90 minutes worth of material from the readings categorized below.

Typography
Helvetica

“An independent film about typography, graphic design and global visual culture. HELVETICA looks at the proliferation of one typeface (which celebrated its 50th birthday in 2007) as part of a larger conversation about the way type affects our lives. An exploration of urban spaces in major cities and the type that inhabits them, this film offers a fluid discussion with renowned designers about their work, the creative process, and the choices and aesthetics behind their use of type.”

History of Typography (series), I Love Typography

The articles below each discuss different type families and their origins.

From Hot Metal to Cold Type

"This film was created by the International Typographic Union to encourage their members to become more comfortable with the new “Cold Type” technology revolutionizing the typesetting industry. Starting with an explanation of the hot-metal process, they feature the Intertype Fotosetter and then go through the entire photo-composition process. The film shows camera work, stripping, chemical development, and paste-up. It ends with an aerial view of the ITU building in Colorado Springs, CO.”

Linotype the Film: In Search for the Eighth Wonder of the World

“This is the surprisingly emotional tale of one bewildering machine that revolutionized printing and society, and of the people who fight to keep it alive today.”

Letterpress & Typesetting
Pressing On: The Letterpress Film

“Wood and metal letters pressed into paper laid the foundation for the modern world. Once essential to communication, letterpress printing unexpectedly thrives in our digital age. PRESSING ON is required viewing for design centered audiences, advertising and type nerds, history buffs and documentary lovers.”

An Introduction to Letterpress Printing with Mr. Smith, William Morris Gallery

“Typography artist Kelvyn Laurence Smith gives the William Morris Gallery an exclusive behind the scenes tour and introduction to letterpress printing at his workshop in Kennington, London. This film was first screened at the William Morris Gallery on Thursday 15 May 2014 as part of the Museums at Night fesitval.”

Learning to Set Type

This is an old training film on how to set type for print. It’s a little slow, but fascinating to see how it all works, and to get close up views and detailed instructions of how to set type.

Johannes Gutenberg: The Production of Metallic Type
Hanzi: Exploring Language and Culture through Chinese Typography

“How does language shape identity? What role does handwriting play in the digital age? HANZI encourages audiences around the world to revisit and rethink their own culture, language and identity. HANZI explores international design, visual culture, and identity through the lens of modern Chinese typography.”

Typewriters
History of Typewriters, The Henry Ford’s Innovation Nation

“Developed by Christopher Glidden in the 1860s and manufactured by the Remington arms company beginning in 1873, the Sholes & Glidden was the first commercially successful typewriter. Its adoption by large corporations kickstarted the typewriter industry and contributed to the speedup of American work life. The innovations of the Sholes & Glidden, particularly its keyboard layout, were widely adopted. This typewriter is why your computer keyboard reads QWERTYUIOP. The typewriter was not immediately successful. Manufacturers had to figure out how to combine precise machinery with a durable structure and components.”

Early Typewriters, The Royal Ontario Museum

“Private collector, Martin Howard speaks about the development of the typewriter, highlighting examples from his own collection on display in the exhibition Early Typewriters (July 7, 2007 to June 29, 2008).”

Linotype
Farewell ETAOIN SHRDLU

“A film [. . .] documenting the last day of hot metal typesetting at The New York Times. This film shows the entire newspaper production process from hot-metal typesetting to creating stereo moulds to high-speed press operation. At the end of the film, the new typesetting and photographic production process is shown in contrast to the old ways.”

From Hot Metal to Cold Type

"This film was created by the International Typographic Union to encourage their members to become more comfortable with the new “Cold Type” technology revolutionizing the typesetting industry. Starting with an explanation of the hot-metal process, they feature the Intertype Fotosetter and then go through the entire photo-composition process. The film shows camera work, stripping, chemical development, and paste-up. It ends with an aerial view of the ITU building in Colorado Springs, CO.”

Linotype the Film: In Search for the Eighth Wonder of the World

“This is the surprisingly emotional tale of one bewildering machine that revolutionized printing and society, and of the people who fight to keep it alive today.”

Offset Lithography
The Printing Process: Sheet Offset Pres

This video explains how 4-color printing (CMYK) works in the commercial offset lithogrpahy process.

Xerography & Photocopying
The Invention of Xerography, Adjusted Margin: Xerography, Art, and Activism in the Later Twentieth Century

“In the early years of xerography, the process was pitched to potential consumers not only as a process that would reduce or eliminate the mess and time associated with traditional printing methods and facilitate printing on a wide range of surfaces, but also as a process that promised a compact and potentially portable means of reproducing and circulating documents. Given their reputation as clunky rather than compact, more likely to be associated with the production of waste than the compression of data, this may come as a surprise. The machine’s early history, however, suggests that it was invested in the compression, portability, speed, and real-time transmission of data that would revolutionize communications in the late twentieth century.”

History of Xerox Copiers, The Henry Ford’s Innovation Nation

“The Xerox 914 was the first commercially successful automatic office copier. Using Chester Carlson’s xerography process, documents were produced electrostatically, using powdered toner. This copier weighed 650 pounds and made one copy every 26 seconds on paper up to 9 x 14 inches. The 914 also came with a "scorch eliminator"—a small fire extinguisher for taming fires caused by overheating.”

Secret Life Of Machines: The Photo Copier, BBC

“James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine, patented the first copying machine, because of the disastrous inaccuracies that had occurred due to copying drawings by hand. Drawings to be copied were written in a special ink which bled into the copy when squashed through a mangle.”

Risography
Printing Technology of Risograph, Riso Channel

This is a dry but informative walk through of how a RISO machine works.

The Risograph Printing Process with No Style Press, Society6

“This is a behind the scenes look at the risograph printing process with Jonathan Crisman of No Style Press. We printed our Lost Time zine using soy based inks and we couldn’t be more stoked about the results.”

BYU Riso Lab

This is the website for BYU's Riso Lab where you can make appointments to use the lab and access their resources. They feature a number of videos that walk you through the basics of preparing files for printing in a Riso machine.

Inkjet Printing
How Printer Ink Works, How Stuff Works

“Printer ink sounds pretty mundane but as it turns out there’s a lot of science and technology behind it. From nozzles projecting ink at incredible speeds to reasons why refilling cartridges isn’t a great idea, we explain how printer ink works.”

Laser Printing
How a Color Laser Printer Works – Inside an HP® 2600 Toner Cartridge

“This animated video takes a look into the electrophotographic process, used by HP® CP2600 laser printers to create vivid color prints.”

Photoshop & Digital Design
How Photoshop Changed the Way We Work, Creative Bloq

“If there was just one computer graphics program that could make us all weep with utter love, that would be Photoshop. Not that there aren’t many other jaw dropping programs around today, there are. And it’s not that Photoshop was the first program in the world to do (mostly) what it did, as it wasn’t. So on Photoshop’s 25th anniversary, we have to ask what was it that put it so far ahead of similar programs? This is a hard question to answer in a single article. But it all began with two brothers. While not nearly as famous as the Wright Brothers, for those of us in the graphic arts business, the Knoll brothers have probably had a much more meaningful impact on our daily lives. Yet too few people recognize their name.”

Startup Memories—The Beginning of Photoshop, Adobe Photoshop

“In this documentary, the founders of Adobe Photoshop - John Knoll, Thomas Knoll, Russell Brown, and Steve Guttman - tell the story of how an amazing coincidence of circumstances, that came together at just the right time 20 years ago, spawned a cultural paradigm shift unparalleled in our lifetime.”

Graphic Means: A History of Graphic Design Production (trailer)

Film Time: 84 minutes (must rent to watch)

“Imagine designing and printing a brochure—without a computer. How would you set the type—making sure it fit your layout? How would you crop the images? How would you place those images alongside your text? And what would you hand over to the offset printer when you were done? Up until just 30 years ago when the desktop computer debuted, this whole process would have been primarily done by hand, and with the aide of fascinating machines that used a variety of ways to get type and image on to the printed page.”

Before there was Photoshop | graphic design tools | Photoshop 25th anniversary
“Follow along as Sean Adams mocks up a layout with a variety of traditional design tools. Join lynda.com as we celebrate 25 years of Photoshop with inspiring stories from luminaries who have helped shape the most prolific design tool of our time.”
Photoshop Tutorials, Adobe

“Learn the basics, or refine your skills with tutorials designed to inspire.” You can sort by experience level depending on your comfort level.

LinkedIn Learning

This was formerly known as Lynda.com. This has a plethora of tutorials on Photoshop and Illustrator. You can sign in through the Provo Library (assuming you have a library card) to get full access.

66 Brilliant Photoshop Tutorials to Try, Creative Bloq

“Every user can benefit from Photoshop tutorials, however experienced they are. Being an app rich in tools and possibilities, and one which has been around for so long, it can be easy for any digital artist to overlook great opportunities to learn and do more with the software. That's where our roundup of brilliant tutorials comes in. For those just starting out, the best beginner-level Photoshop tutorials will help you to grasp the basics and set you on the right path. Once you've mastered the basics, intermediate Photoshop tutorials can help to boost your skills and introduce new techniques. And even if you think you've mastered it all, there's probably still more you can learn, which is where advanced tutorials come in.”

Response Questions

Remember to cite specific instances from the text to support your views.

  • Are there particular outdated printing process (outlined in the readings above) to which you find yourself drawn? Why do you think that is? Is is useful to resurrect old technologies, or to just move ahead?
  • Photoshop and its ilk have overwritten so many jobs that used to exist 20–30 years ago. That also means that designers, illustrators, and photographers today now do, or know how to do jobs that used to belong to specialists—they wear many hats. Do you see that as a good or bad thing? Why?
  • Most people can’t see beyond current technologies. Most Linotype operators couldn’t see past their giant machines (both literally and figuratively). What do you think is beyond Photoshop—i.e., what will be the Photoshop killer? Are you ready for it?
  • Who do you think makes a larger impact on the world, the programmers, engineers, and industrial designers who create design programs, computers, digital cameras, etc., or the artists who use the tools?
  • If hardware and software keeps changing faster, then what does that mean for the programmers, engineers, and industrial designers vs. the artists?
  • Analog systems usually have physical archives that don’t require elaborate machines to translate the information. The move to digital requires software and hardware to read your data. This means that if you want access to your documents and information, you need to perpetually update them and save them within new formats and new programs. What will happen when a better file format than JPG is widely accepted? What will happen to your thousands of photos? What are the pros and cons of this? Is it worth it?